TEACHING READING

Reading is fluent process of readers combining information from a text and their own background knowledge to build meaning. The goal of reading is comprehension. Strategic Reading is defined as the ability of the reader to use a wide variety of reading strategies to accomplish a purpose of reading. Fluent reading is as ability to read at an appropriate rate with adequate rate with comprehension. Means that the text, reader, fluency, and strategies combined together define the act of reading.
There are some techniques which are can implement in the class:
• Active prior knowledge is prior to each reading passage, it is beneficial to engage the readers in an activity that gets them thinking about what they already know about the topic of reading.
• Cultivate Vocabulary is word webs are very good activity for building students’ vocabulary skills. Begin by writing a key concept in the middle of the chalkboard. Example if the teacher want discuss about music the students will try to make a web which is related to music.
• Teach for Comprehension asking the students comprehension questions after reading a passage, a teacher can model with the class how comprehension is reached.
• Increase Reading Rate is repeated reading. Students read a short passage over and over again until they achieve criterion level of reading rate and comprehension.
• Verify Reading Strategies is think-aloud in a guided format get learners to identify the strategies that they use while reading.
• Evaluate progress is reading journal are an effective to evaluate reading progress. Students make a journal entry each day. Then respond to different question based in different areas of focus they are working in the class.
• Jigsaw and information gap are also can be implemented in reading technique.





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Lesson Plan

Subject : Bahasa Inggris

Class/Smester : X/ I

Meeting : 1

Alokasi waktu : 2 JP

1. Standard Competence :

Reading

The students may understand and know the part of procedure text with using jigsaw technique.

2. Basic Competence :

Reading

The student be able to understand and devide the part or the gender of procedure text by using jigsaw technique.

3. Indicator :

1. Analyze the genre of procedure text (introductory, materials, and sequence of steps)

2. May find the part or the gender of procedure text in the text

3 May arange the paragraph well

4. Method :

a. approach : Communicative Approach

b. Technique : Jigsaw reading

5. Material : appendix

6. Teaching scenario :

No.	Teacher activity	Students activity	Time allocation
1.	1. opening session (10 minute) · Teacher greet the students and check for the present of the students · Teacher give persepsion - What do you usually have for your breakfast? - Can you make it by yourself? - What do you need to make it? etc. · Teacher introduce the topic to the students	· Students greeting the teacher and listen carefully to the teacher · Students pay attention to the teacher explaination and try to answer the teacher questions · The students listen carefully	3 minutes 6 minutes 1 minutes
	2. Main activity (70 minutes) · Teacher explain the part of procedure paragraph · Teacher tell the students what is jigsaw reading and give the example also. · After that the teacher give the students unarrange procedure text and tell them to find the genre of procedure text and arange the text well	· Students pay attention and listen carefully to the teacher explaination · Students listen teacher’s explaination carefully · Students do the activity that given from the teacher	30 minutes 5 minutes 35 minutes
	3. Closing activity (10 minutes t) · The teacher conclude the material · Teacher give the students opportunities for the students if there are something don’t understand yet.	· Students pay attention and listen carefully to the teacher explaination also answer the teacher’s questions together · conclude the material together with teacher · Students ask about something or give their opinion	5 minutes 5 minutes

PROCEDURE TEXT

A procedure is a piece of text that gives us instructions for doing something. The purpose of a procedure text is to explain how something be done.

CONSTRUCTING A PROCEDURE TEXT

1. Steps

The steps for constructing a procedure text are:

· Make an introductory statement that gives the aim or goal

· List the materials that will be needed in completing the procedure

· Determine the sequence of steps based on their order

2. Language Features

The language features usually found in a procedure are:

· The use of technical language

· Sentences that begin with verbs or stated as commands

· The use of time words or numbers that tell the order of the procedures

· The use of adverbs to tell how the action should be done

3. Lexicogramatical Features

The lexicogrammatical features in a procedure text are:

· Focus on generalized human agent

· The use of Simple Tense which is often imperative

· The use of mainly temporal conjunction (or numbering to indicate sequence)

· The use of mainly material processes

4. The Procedure Scaffold

A Procedure text has three main parts:

a. An introductory statement giving the aim or goal

· This may be the title of the text

· This may be an introductory paragraph

b. Materials needed for completing the procedure

· This may be a list

· This may be a paragraph

c. A sequence of steps in the correct order

· Numbers can be used to show first, second, third, and so on

· The order is usually important

· Words such as now, next, and after this can be used.

· Usually the steps begin with command such as add, stir, or push.

Jigsaw Reading is a technique which must be work in pair where the students should help each other to arrange the paragraph based on the genre and coherency.

Lesson for the Learner

Arrange this paragraph in to a good paragraph with your group, after that analyze the text below based on the genre or procedure text!

Banana Crumb Muffins

INGREDIENTS

• 1 1/2 cups all-purpose flour
• 1 teaspoon baking soda
• 1 teaspoon baking powder
• 1/2 teaspoon salt
• 3 bananas, mashed
• 3/4 cup white sugar
• 1 egg, lightly beaten
• 1/3 cup butter, melted
• 1/3 cup packed brown sugar
• 2 tablespoons all-purpose flour
• 1/8 teaspoon ground cinnamon
• 1 tablespoon butter

A basic banana muffin is made extraordinary with a cinnamon-and-brown-sugar streusel topping. The crumb topping is what makes these banana muffins stand apart from the ordinary. They're scrumptious!

DIRECTIONS

1. Preheat oven to 375 degrees F (190 degrees C). Lightly grease 10 muffin cups, or line with muffin papers.
2. In a large bowl, mix together 1 1/2 cups flour, baking soda, baking powder and salt. In another bowl, beat together bananas, sugar, egg and melted butter. Stir the banana mixture into the flour mixture just until moistened. Spoon batter into prepared muffin cups.
3. In a small bowl, mix together brown sugar, 2 tablespoons flour and cinnamon. Cut in 1 tablespoon butter until mixture resembles coarse cornmeal. Sprinkle topping over muffins.
4. Bake in preheated oven for 18 to 20 minutes, until a toothpick inserted into centre of a muffin comes out clean.

A KING WITHOUT A CROWN

One day a young boy who had an oval face and thin was sitting in the school garden bench. His name was Jersy, he was student in one of famous senior high school in his district. Jersy was one of a person which active in joined some competitions but he often had misfortune or unlucky in the some competitions like a strong nervous, hurry, bad preparation, etc. Like what happened to him now, he was very sad because he loses again and must force to glad again as the second winner for the second time in physic Olympiad. On the other hand Jersy was such of friendly person, and always had its own cool style. That was why he had many fans in his school. Not only because of he was a smart students, he had many fans especially girl also because of he was a famous basketball player in his school. Basketball was the most favorite activity for him. He liked basketball than anything else. If there was a basketball competition he will very glad and enthusiasm to join in.
Two month later would be held a basketball competition for senior high school. Jersy and the other member of basketball team prepared for the best because they want to revenged their lose one year ago especially Jersey, because in the competition before some people in the school commend him as the cause of the defeat of the team in the final. The coach’s flute was sounding every afternoon. The coach named Budy which use small glasses, and little bit bald was famous because of his brutality in trained his students’ physique. Every afternoon for the warming session Budy told the students to jogging about 12 minutes first or around football court near there, after that the students will had a fast run like run spin around the football court six times and that was counted 12 minutes also. That warming session killed the students enough but Budy will not satisfied if he didn’t see any students vomit yet. Budy again told the students to do the other physique designs before entered to the strategy design. The students which were consists of 12 students actually not strong enough to do all the coach’s command, but they had a strong desire to be the winner they miss their memory when they as the winner at two years ago, they miss proud applause from the supporter, heard all viewer sang a song titled “we are the champion” from the queen band, and also a big prize from the committee. That was just about 5 minutes the students dream about their successfulness and made them feel better, the finicky voice of the coach broke them memoriam and told them to push up, sit up, also pull up. Ardi was one of the basketball members which were the tallest but the thinnest member become tired and he vomited in front of the coach and almost hit someone else because of his tired. The boy which had a straight hair, sunny face, and handsome become not handsome again because his face was pale. The coach just smile and told him to rest for few minutes. The sun became sink the training program for that day was over.
The next sunny day came the sun very brighten, blue sky with a small cloud decorated the sky on the SMA N 4 which the place of Jersy’s school. As usually Jersey sat down on the bench at the garden. He alone there, because he was different with the other boy which like to sat down at canteen with the group. He likes to be lonely to refresh his mind there. From his right side came some boys which looked like not friendly with Jersy. The leader of that group named Ivan, he was the most naughty student in that school. This boy with a dark skin, ugly, little bit sweet, but had bad attitude said something to the Jersy “Hey you I know you are a great basketball player, but I don’t want you as a great playboy in this school.” Jersy confused when Ivan said that to him and he said “What do you mean?” “I don’t want you snatch my girl friend from me” replied the Ivan. Jersy was silent and remember that two week ago a girl with beautiful eyes needs his helped, because her motorcycle was in problem. So Jersy helped to take her home and since that time they often called or sending message each other. Jersy didn’t know that girl was Ivan’s. Jersy confused again he actually loves that girl but he could not get her because she was a girl friend of someone else. Jersy said “calm down my friend I’m just her friend I’m not more than a friend with her, I just help her at that time.” Ivan just smiles sweetly but that smile was not a friendly smile but that smile had a bad meaning. Then Ivan held Jersy’s shirt hardly with strong hand and said “Don’t worry I’ll not kill you today but I’ll kill you later if you are steal my girl behind me” after that he pushed jersey out and leaved him away.
Jersy was sad at that time because he broken heart now. He would never get the girl with oval face and beautiful straight hair who he loved very much. He thought that problem all day even in the basketball training he still remembered about that. Jersy was very angry when he remembered again Ivan’s face and said that to him. He felt like Ivan step on his head and made him look like a loser. Actually Jersy wanted hit Ivan at that time but he afraid because Ivan was famous in the fighting session. Jersy was bad mood at that time he wanted to scream but he couldn’t to do it. The basketball coach confused to see his students without a spirit at that time and he asked him about his problem. Jersy just smile, hard smile then he said “Don’t worry sir I’m okay”. The coach who usually had a stone heart, but now he tried to understand jersy’s problem and he just nod his head. At night the girl who Jersy loved so much sent he a message and they chatting on their mobile phone and said that she has a big problem with Ivan because Ivan hate all her friend who close to her. She felt so depressed, and she liked in the prison. She could not express her self because of him. Jersy just said “just do all that you want to do. If you still love him, make him understand if you not just break him”. Jersy little bit happy because he felt he had an opportunity as her boy friend. The girl said “E…I don’t know but I feel under presser now. Okay I’ll think this once again but perhaps I’ll cut our relation.” Jersy was glad know about that, and he could not sleep along night because he thought about that girl. He was glad even over glad, because this first time he could love a girl.
A new day came, Jersy got an information that she who had named Agatha brake from Ivan. Since that time Jersy was full of spirit and always went to some places with her. In the basketball, he trained him self hardly because he wants showed it later to the Agatha. Day pass day, Jersy felt really loved her. Because of her Jersy was full of happiness. He had a plan want to say his feeling to her and the plan was, they will dinner in the romantic restaurant and he will said his feeling to her at that time. The night came Agatha accept the Jersy’s invitation, Jersy was glad and prepare his self perfectly. He also used a cloth neatly and Perfume from France which was given from his friend ready helped his performance looked more perfectly. After he picked up Agatha from his house, they went to the one of romantic restaurant in that town. The restaurant was very calm which full of flower in the garden and there ware many candle around along the way to enter this restaurant. Obscured lamp made the situation more romantic with the music of love was sounding slowly. Jersy wants to start his aim for this special day, but some boys came to that restaurant. Jersy surprised because the boys was the Ivan’s friend and from behind Ivan came and looked so angry, he said “Why are you do this to me, you said will not disturb her again but why you do this. She is mine so don’t still her from me.” But Agatha said with a hard voice “you are not my boy friend again get out from here do not disturb us again let me free, let me do what I want to do, let me choose my boy friend” That romantic day was change into madness night without talked again Ivan hit Jersy hardly with his hand and said “That is special from me to you, and if you still want her you will feel more that this Asshole!!!” then he went back with his friend. Agatha very surprised and she cried, and wanted to back home now. Jersy also cried and he never thought this would happen. He could not speak anything and he just sent Agatha back to her house.
The Basketball tournament had begun, as usual SMA N 4 always as the candidate of the winner. The prediction looked like true because since the first day this team played, this team always killed its enemy. Jersy looked like full of spirit at that time although he had his own problem but he tried not sent that problem to his game. At the finals the coach was very spirit also, he gave a strategy to his students to finish this game with a glory. After told the instruction they are toss first the coach said “Foursma” then the students replied “ yo..yo..yoo!!” after that the operator called the name of the player one by one then they entered to the court. First the operator called team from SMA N 4 and the entire lamp above the court illuminated the SMA N 4’s players entered the court. Not only the lamp, were more than a hundred supporters scream on the tribune. The supporters were very enthusiasm they brought some drums and they hit it hardly so the sound vibrating the hall, SMA N 4 flag was flap in every corner of the supporters. The enemies not lose them almost the same liked SMA N 4 supporters. The situation was full of spirit at that time. The flute was sounding and the game begun. All the players took them attention to the ball and their enemy. Their heart was beating hardly. No one of them wants lose in this session, because lose was not a choice in final tournament. From the first until third quarters SMA N 4 was leading the point but at the end of the third quarter Santos fell when he jumping. He could not continue the game because his ankle broke. Budy asked a time out to the judge and the judge accepted that. Jersey confused because Santos was his soul mate in this team .When he confused he saw the enthusiasm supporters but on his left tribune saw Agatha was there with Ivan, they looked intimate. Jersy became bad mood again and when the game was started again Jersy lost his performance again. And this was good news for the enemy and they attacked them again, again, again, and again until the SMA N lose again in the final match. The coach just could shake his head. And they should in the second winner for this year. All people belief that SMA N 4 should be the winner but that was far from the reality.
The entire player sad because they lost their hopes to sing a song titled “we are the champion “from the queen. They just heard their enemy was laughing, took photograph, and sang that special song. Some SMA N 4 players broke because they could not win the tournament. After that Jersy called Agatha and ask about her relationship with Ivan, and she said “sorry Jersy I still love him, beside that I worry he will do something crazy to you if I choose you,so lets we make a good friendship together okay?” Jersy was not answer and turn off his mobile phone directly.
The next day, Agatha and Ivan became a good again, Ivan promise that Agatha would change not like before again. They looked happy when they are together, Jersy saw their happiness and he tried to accept their relation. After that, there is someone voice at the school garden which the sounded like remembered all the memories before
“Why…why I never can as the winner?
Why I always in the second place why?
Now I look like a king without crown
Where all people know I’m great
I have a power, I have the opportunity,
But I never can as the winner,
Why I never become the number one.
How poor the king. “
That was the Jersy voice when he was sitting again on the bench at his school garden.

The Characteristic of the Niagara as the Seven Wonder of the World

Almost all of people in this world know or have heard about Niagara waterfall. Niagara water fall is one of the famous tourism places in this world. Niagara waterfall is one of the seven world wonder. All people in this world vote this special waterfall because of this waterfall has its own uniqueness. How the location of this waterfall? What is the characteristic of this place?

Niagara waterfall is located between two countries such as Canada and United States. The Niagara Falls are voluminous waterfalls on the Niagara River, through the international border between the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. state of New York. The falls of this waterfalls are 17 miles or 27 km north-northwest of Buffalo, New York and 75 miles or 120 km south-southeast of Toronto, Ontario, between the twin cities of Niagara Falls, Ontario, and Niagara Falls, New York. Niagara Falls is composed of two major sections separated by Goat Island: Horseshoe Falls, the majority of which lies on the Canadian side of the border, and American Falls on the American side. The smaller Bridal Veil Falls are also located on the American side, separated from the main falls by Luna Island. Niagara waterfall is very unique place with the beautiful waterfall which is supported by the high steep bank which is made by the water from Lake Erie.

The characteristic of Niagara Falls was actually surrounded by a high steep bank which is formed about 12,000 years ago, when glaciers retreated north, allowing water from Lake Erie to flow over the Niagara Escarpment. Erosion slowly pushed the waterfall about 11 km upstream, forming the Niagara Gorge. Before large water-diversion projects were built in the 1950s and 1960s, Horseshoe Falls was receding the land where the water flows about 1 meter per year because this land are flowed with a large volume water that is about 202,000 cubic feet per second (5,720 m³/s). This situation make a slowly erosion and the government try to built a dam, so the erosion can shut off. The steep bank in the water fall which is made by the glaciers since a long time ago makes this water fall have a great panorama and make the view there like a carving which is made by the nature. The tourists around the world come and visit this waterfall. They want to see closely this waterfall and enjoying this waterfall with the tourist attraction that provided by the government.

Niagara Falls is a great tourist attraction, luring millions of visitors each year . The falls may be viewed from parks located on either side of the river, from observation towers, from boats, from Goat Island, and from the Rainbow Bridge, located a short distance downstream. Visitors also may enter the Cave of the Winds, situated behind a curtain of falling water near the base of the American Falls. The oldest and best known tourist attraction at Niagara Falls is the Maid of the Mist boat cruise, named for an ancient Ongiara Indian mythical character, which has carried passengers into the whirlpools beneath the fall since 1846. Cruise boats operate from boat docks on both sides of the falls. From the U.S. side, the American Falls can be viewed from road along Prospect Point Park, which also features the Prospect Point Park observation tower and a boat dock for the Maid of the Mist. Goat Island offers more views of the falls and can we enjoy it by foot and automobile traffic by bridge above the American Falls. From Goat Island, we can use an elevator and leads hikers to a point beneath Bridal Veil Falls the Cave of the Winds. Also on Goat Island are the Three Sisters Islands, the Power Portal where a huge statue of Nikola Tesla can be seen, and a walking path which enables views of the rapids, the Niagara River, the gorge, and all of the Falls. Most of these attractions lie within the Niagara Falls State Park.

In conclusion Niagara waterfall is the great tourism place which is located between two countries such as Ontario Canada and United States. Niagara Falls is the one of seven Wonder of the World. The falls of this waterfalls are 17 miles or 27 km north-northwest of Buffalo, New York and 75 miles or 120 km south-southeast of Toronto, Ontario, between the twin cities of Niagara Falls, Ontario. The characteristic of this water falls is surrounded by high steep bank which is the way of the water flow from Lake Erie. This large volume water makes the land there erosion and makes a beautiful panorama luring many tourists to visit this tourism object. There are many tourism attractions in this waterfall. The falls may be viewed from parks located on either side of the river, from observation towers, from boats, from Goat Island, and from the Rainbow Bridge, located a short distance downstream. Visitors also may enter the Cave of the Winds, situated behind a curtain of falling water near the base of the American Falls. The oldest and best known tourist attraction at Niagara Falls is the Maid of the Mist boat cruise, named for an ancient Ongiara Indian mythical character.